情報源 > 更に詳しい情報[036]
参考文献

(1) Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. 1999 Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med. 341: 549-555.
(2) Mestman JH. 1999 Diagnosis and management of maternal and fetal thyroid disorders. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 11: 167-175.
(3) Pop V, Kuipens JL. van Baar AL, et al. 1999 Low normal maternal free T4 concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 50: 149-155.
(4) Glinoer D. 1998 The systematic screening and management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 10: 403-411.
(5) McCarrison R. 1917 The thyroid gland in health and disease. London: Balliere, Tindall & Cox.
(6) Choufoer JC, van Rhijn M, Querido A. 1965 Endemic goiter in Westem New Guinea. II. Clinical picture, incidence and pathogenesis of endemic cretinism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 25: 385-402.
(7) Hunaiker-Shild H. 1915 Der Kropf, eine Anpassung an Jodarme Nahrung. Beme: Verlag A. Franke.
(8) Pharoah POD. Buttfield IH, Hetzel BS. 1971 Neurological damage to the fetus resulting from severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy. Lancet, 13: 308-311.
(9) Pretell EA, Palacios P, Tello L, Wan M, Utiger RD, Stanbury JB. 1974 Iodine deficiency and the maternal-fetal relationship, In: Dunn JG, Medeiros-Neto GA, eds. Endemic goiter and cretinism: continuing threats to world health, Washington, DC: PAHO Scientific Publications; 143-155.
(10) Pretell EA, Caceres A. 1994 Impairment of mental development by iodine deficiency and its correction. A retrospective view from studies in Peru. In: Stanbury JB, ed. The damaged brain of iodine deficiency. Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communication Co; 187-192.
(11) Xue-Yi C, Xin-Min J, Zhi-Jong D, et al. 1994 Timing of vulnerability of the brain to iodine deficiency in endemic cretinism. N Engl J Med. 331: 1739-1744.
(12) Pharoah POD, Ellis SM, Ekins RP, Williams ES. 1976 Maternal thyroid function, iodine deficiency and fetal development. Clin Endocrinol. 5: 159-166.
(13) Pharoah POD, Connolly KJ, Ekins RP, Harding AG. 1984 Maternal thyroid hormone levels in pregnancy and the subsequent cognitive and motor performance of the children. Clin Endocrinol, 21: 265-270.
(14) Pharoah POD, Comolly KJ. 1991 Relationship between maternal thyroxine levels during pregnancy and memory function in chilhood. Early Hum Dev. 25: 43-51.
(15) Connolly KJ, Pharoah POD. 1989 Iodine deficiency, maternal thyroid levels in pregnancy and developmental disorders in children. In: DeLong GR, Robbins J, Condliffe PG, eds. Iodine and the brain. New York: Plenum Press; 317-331.
(16) McMichael AJ, Potter JD, Hetzel BS. 1980 Iodine deficiency, thyroid function, and reproductive failure. In: Stanbury JB, Hetzel BS, eds. Endemic goiter and endemic cretinism. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 445-460.
(17) DeLong GR. 1989 Observations on the neurblogy of endemic cretinism. In: DeLong GR. Robbins J, Condliffe PG, eds. Iodine and the brain. New York: Plenum Press; 231-238.
(18) Man EB, Holden RH, Jones WS. 1971 Thyroid function in human pregnancy, VII. Development and retardation of 4-year-old progeny of euthyroid and of hypothyroxinemic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 109: 12-19.
(19) Man EB, Jones WS, Holden RH, Mellits ED. 1971 Thyroid function in human pregnancy. VIII. Retardation of progeny aged 7 years, relationships to matemal age and maternal thyroid function. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 111: 905-916.
(20) Man EB. 1972 Thyroid function in pregnancy and infancy. Maternal hypothyroxinemia and retardation of progeny. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 3: 203-225.
(21) Man EB, Serunian SA. 1976 Thyroid function in human pregnancy. Development or retardation of 7-year-old progeny of hypothyroxinemic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 125: 949-957.
(22) Wasserstrum N, Anania CA. 1995 Perinatal consequences of maternal hypothyroidism in early pregnancy and inadequate replacement. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42: 353-358.
(23) Pop VJ, De Vries E. van Baar AL, et al. 1995 Maternal thyroid peroxidase antibodies during pregnancy: a marker of impaired child development? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80: 3561-3566.
(24) Pop VJ, Brouwers EP, Vader HL, de Vijlder J. Vulsma T. Maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy and neurodevelopment of the offspring. Proceedings of the 82nd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society. Toronto. Canada. 2000; p. 163.
(25) Smit BJ. Kok JH. Vulsma T. Briet JM. Boer K. Wiersinga WM. 2000 Neurologic developmnent in the newbom and young child in relation to maternal thyroid function. Acta Paediatr. 89: 291-295.
(26) Greenman GW, Gabrielson MO. Howard-Flanders Jf Wessel MA. 1962 Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Fetal loss and follow-up evaluation of surviving infants. N Engl J Med. 267: 426-431.
(27) Montoro M. Collea JV. Frasier SD. Mestman JH. 1981 Successful outcome of pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med. 94: 31-34.
(28) Man EB. Jones WS. 1969 Thyroid function in human pregnancy. V. Incidence of maternal serum low butanol-extractable iodines and of normal gestational TBG and TBPA capacities. retardation of 8-month-old infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 104: 898-908.
(29) Man EB. Brown JF. Serunian SA. 1991 Maternal hypothyroxinemia; Psychoneurological deficits of progeny. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 21: 227-239.
(30) Wolter R. Noel P. de Cock P. et al. 1979 Neuropsychological study in treated thyroid dysgenesis. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 277: 41-46.
(31) Fisher DA, Polk DH. 1989 Maturation of thyroid hormone actions. In: Delange F, Fisher DA. Glinoer D. eds. Research in congenital hypothyroidism. New York: Plenum Publishing Corp; 61-78.
(32) de Zegher F, Pemasetti F, Vanhole I~, Devlieger H, Van den Berghe G. Martial JA. 1995 The prenatal role of thyroid hormone evidenced by fetomaternal Pit-1 deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80: 3127-3130.
(33) Matsuura N, Konishi J. 1990 Transient hypothyroidism in infants bom to mothers with chronic thyroiditis-A nationwide study of twenty-three cases. The Transient Hypothyroidism Study Group. Endocrinol lpn. 37: 369-379.
(34) Matsuura N. Harada S. Ohyama Y. et al. 1997 The mechanism of transient hypothyroxinemia in infants bom to mothers with Graves' disease. Pediatr Res. 42: 214-218.
(35) Yasuda T. Ohnishi H. Wataki K, Minagava M. Minamitani K. Niimi H. 1999 Outcome of a baby born from a mother with avquired juvenile hypothyroidsmhaving undetectable thyroid hormone concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84: 2630-2632.
(36) van den Hove MF. Beckers C. Devlieger H. de Zegher F. De Nayer P. 1999 Hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid of human preterm and term newborns: effect of thyroxine treatment. Biochimie (Paris). 81: 563-570.
(37) den Ouden AL. Kok JH. Verkerk PH, Brand R. Verloove-Vanhorick SP. 1996 The relation between neonatal thyroxine levels and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 and 9 years in a national cohort of very preterm and/or very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Res. 39: 142-145.
(38) Reuss ML. Paneth N, Pinto-Martin JA. Lorenz JM, Susser M. 1996 The relation of transient hypothyroxinemia in preterm infants to neurologic development at two years of age. N Engl J Med. 334: 821-827.
(39) Morreale de Escobar G. Ares S. 1998 The hypothyroxinemia of prematurity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83: 713-715.
(40) Ares S. Escobar-Morreale HF. Quero J. et al. 1997 Neonatal hypothyroxinemia: effects of iodine intake and premature birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82: 1704-1712.
(41) Werner SC. 1967 Panel discussion on hyperthyroidism in the pregnant woman and neonate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 27: 1637-1954.
(42) Fisher DA. 1967 Panel discussion on hyperthyroidism in the pregnant woman and neonate (moderated by Wemer SC). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 27: 1637-1654.
(43) Selenkow HA. Birnbaum MD. Hollander CS. 1973 Thyroid function and dysfunction during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 16: 66-108.
(44) Utiger RD. 1999 Maternal hypothyroidism and fetal development. N Engl J Med. 341: 601-602.
(45) Bemal J. Nunez J. 1995 Thyroid hormones and brain development. Eur J Endocrinol. 133: 390-398.
(46) Bemal J. Guadafio-Ferraz A. 1998 Thyroid hormone and the development of the brain. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes. 5: 296-302.
(47) Vega-Nuiez E. Menendez-Hurtado A. Garesse R/ Santos A. Perez Castillo A. 1995 Thyroid hormone-regulated brain mitochondrial genes revealed by differential cDNA cloning. J Clin Invest. 96: 893-899.
(48) Martinez-Galan JR. Pedraza P. Santacana M. Escobar del Rey F. Morreale de Escobar G. Ruiz Marcos A. 1997 Early effects of iodine deficiency on radial glial cells of the hippocampus of the rat fetus: a model of neurological cretinism. J Clin Invest. 99: 2701-2709.
(49) Alvarez-Dolado M. Ruiz M, del Rio JA. et al. 1999 Thyroid hormone regulates reelin and dabl expression during brain development. J Neurosci. 19: 6979-6973.
(50) Narayanan CH, Narayanan Y. 1985 Cell formation in the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nucleus and mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve of rats made hypothyrojd by propylthiouracil. Exp Brain Res. 59: 257-266.
(51) Lucio RA. Garcia JV, Ram6n Cerezo J. Pacheco P. Innocenti GM. Berbel P. 1997 The development of auditory callosal connections in normal and hypothyroid rats. Cereb Cortex. 7: 303-306.
(52) Dowling ALS. Martz GU. Leonard JL. Zoeller RT. 2000 Acute changes in maternal thyroid hormone induce rapid and transient changes in gene expression in fetal rat brain. J Neurosci. 20: 2255-2265.
(53) Lavado R. Ans6 E. Escobar del Rey F. Morreale de Escobar G. Berbel P. Hypothyroxinemia, induced by a low iodine diet, alters cortical cell migration in rats: an experimental model for human neurological cretinism. Proc of the Federation of the European Neuroscience Societies, Brighton, UK, 2000.
(54) Guadafio-Ferraz A, Escamez MJ, Raussell E, Bernal J. 1999 Expression qf type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in hypothyroid rat brain indicates an important role of thyroid hormone in the development of specific primary sensory systems, J Neurosci. 19: 3430-3439.
(55) Escamez MJ, Guadafio-Ferraz A, Cuadrado A. Bernal J. 1999 Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase is selectively expressed in areas related to sexual dif-ferentiation in the newborn rat brain. Endocrinology. 140: 5443-5446.
(56) Becker KB, Schneider MJ, Davey JC, Galton VA. 1995 The type 3 5-deiodinase in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles is encoded by a thyroid hormoneresponsive gene. Endocrinology. 136: 4424-4431.
(57) Becker KB, Stephens KC, Davey JC, Schneider MJ, Galton VA. 1997 The type 2 and type 3 iodothyronine deiodinases play important roles in coordinating development in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles. Endocrinology. 138: 2989-2997.
(58) Bates JM, St.Germain DL, Galton VA. 1999 Expression profiles of the three iodothyronine deiodinases D1, D2 and D3, in the developing rat. Endocrinology. 140: 844-851.
(59) Roti E, Fang SL, Braverman LE, Emerson CH. 1982 Rat placenta is an active site of inner ring deiodination of thyroxine and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine. Endocrinology. 110: 34-37.
(60) Roti E, Braverman LE, Fang SL, Alex S, Emerson CH. 1982 Ontogenesis of placental inner ring thyroxine deiodinase and amniotic fluid 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine concentration in the rat. Endocrinology. 111: 959-963.
(61) Kaplan MM, Shaw EA. 1984 Type 2 iodothyronine 5'-deiodination by human and rat placenta in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 59: 253-257.
(62) Huang TS. Chopra IJ, Boado R, Solomon DH, Chija Teco GN. 1988 Thyroxine inner ring monodeiodinating activity in fetal tissues of the rat. Pediatr Res. 23: 196-199.
(63) Galton VA, Martinez E, Hemandez A, St. Germain EA, Bates JM, St. Germain DL. 1999 Pregnant rat uterus expr~sses high levels of the type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase. J Clin Invest. 103: 979-987.
(64) Burrow GN, Fisher DA, Larsen PR. 1994 Maternal and fetal thyroid function. N Engl J Med, 331: 1072-1078.
(65) Darras VM, Hume R, Visser TJ. 1999 Regulation of thyroid hormone metabolism during fetal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 25: 37-47.
(66) Fisher DA, Dussault JH, Sack J, Chopra IJ. 1977 Ontogenesis of pituitarythyroid function and metabolism in man, sheep, and rat. Recent Prog Horm Res. 33: 59-116.
(67) Fisher DA. 1986 The unique endocrine milieu of the fetus. J Clin Invest. 78: 603-611.
(68) Hetzel BS. 1994 Hormone nurturing of the developing brain: sheep and marmoset models. In: Stanbury JB, ed. The damaged brain of lodine Deficiency. Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communication Co.; 123-130.
(69) Polk DH, Reviczky A, Wu WS, Huang WS, Fisher DA. 1994 Metabolism of sulfoconjugated thyroid hormone derivatives in developing sheep. Am J Physiol. 266: E892-E896.
(70) Polk DH, Wu SY, Fisher DA. 1986 Serum thyroid hormones and tissue 5'-monodeiodinase activity in acutely thyroidectomized newborn lambs. Am J Physiol, 251: E151-E155.
(71) Polk DH, Wu SY. Wricht C, Reviczky AL, Fisher DA. 1988 Ontogeny of thyroid hormone effect on tissue 5'-monodeiodinase activity in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol. 254: E337-E341.
(72) Ferreiro B, Bemal J, Potter B. 1987 Ontogenesis of thyroid hormone receptor in fetal lamb. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 116: 205-210.
(73) Ferreiro B, Bemal J, Morreale de Escobar G, Potter BJ. 1988 Preferential saturation of brain T3 receptor during development in fetal lambs. Endocrinology. 122: 438-443.
(74) Escobar del Rey F, Pastor R, Mallol J, Morreale de Escobar G. 1986 Effects of maternal iodine deficiency on the L-thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine contents of rat embryonic tissues before and after onset of fetal thyroid fundion. Endocrinology. 118: 1259-1265.
(75) Escobar del Rey F, Mallol J, Pastor R, Morreale de Escobar G. 1987 Effects of maternal iodine deficiency on thyroid hormone economy of lactating dams and pups; maintenance of normal cerebral 3,5,3'-trtiodo-L-thyronine concentrations in pups during major phases of brain development. Endocrinology. 121: 803-811.
(76) Obreg6n MJ, Ruiz de Ofia C, Calvo R, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G. 1991 Outer ring iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid hormone economy; responses to iodine deficiency in the rat fetus and neonate. Endocrinology. 129: 2663-2673.
(77) Sweney LR, Shapiro BL. 1975 Thyroxine and palatal development in rat embryos. Dev Biol. 42: 19-27.
(78) Obreg6n MJ, Mallol J, Pastor R, Morreale de Escobar C, Escobar del Rey F. 1984 L-thyroxine and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in rat embryos before onset of fetal thyroid function. Endocrinology. 114: 305-307.
(79) Woods RJ, Sinha AK, Ekins RP. 1984 Uptake and metabolism of thyroid hormones by the rat foetus in early pregnancy. Clin Sci. 67: 359-363.
(80) Prati M, Calvo R, Morreale de Escobar G. 1992 L-thyroxine and 3,5,3'- triiodothyronine concentrations in the chicken egg and in the embryo before and after the onset of thyroid function. Endocrinology. 130: 265l-2659.
(81) Tagawa M, Hirano T. 1987 Presence of thyroxine in eggs and changes in its content during early development of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 68: 129-135.
(82) Myant NB. 1958 Passage of thyroxine and tri-iodo-thyronine from mother to foetus in pregnant women. Clin Sci. 17: 75-79.
(83) Contempr6 B, Jauniaux E, Calvo R, Jurkovic D, Campbell S, Morreale de Escobar G. 1993 Detection of thyroid hormones in human embryonic cavities during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 77: 1719-1722.
(84) Calvo R, Jauniaux E, Gulbis B, Gervy C, Morreale de Escobar G. 1993 Thyroid hormone transfer from the mother to the human embryo before the onset of its thyroid function (Abstract). J Endocrinol Invest. 17: 126.
(85) Morreale de Escobar G, Pastor R, Obreg6n MJ, Escobar del Rey F. 1985 Effects of maternal hypothyroidism on the weight and thyroid hormone content of rat embryonic tissues. Endocrinology. 117:1890-1901.
(86) P6rez-Castillo A, Bemal J, Ferreiro B, Pans T. 1985 The early ontogenesis of thyroid hormone receptor in the rat fetus. Endocrinology. 117: 2457-2461.
(87) Ferreiro B, Pastor R, Bemal J. 1990 T3 receptor occupancy and T3 Ievels in plasma and cytosol during rat brain development. Acta Endocrinol (Cophen). 123: 95-99.
(88) Mellstr6m B, Naranjo JR, Santos A, Gonzalez AM, Bemal J. 1991 Independent expression of the a and p c-erbA genes in developing rat brain. Mol Endocrinol. 5: 1339-1350.
(89) Bradley DJ, Towle HC, Young WS. 1992 Spatial and temporal expression of α- and β-thyroid hormone receptor mRNAS, including the p2-subtype, in the developing mammalian nervous system. J Neurosci. 12: 2288-2302.
(90) Bradley DJ, Towle HC, Young WS. 1994 α- and β-thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene expression during auditory neurogenesis: evidence for TR isoformspecific transcriptional regulation in vivo, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91: 439-443.
(91) Forrest D, Hallbook F, Persson H, Vennstrom B. 1991 Distinct functions for thyroid hormone receptors a and p in brain development indicated by differential expression of receptor genes. EMBO J. 10: 269-275.
(92) Forrest D, Sjober M, Vennstrom B. 1990 Contrasting developmental and tissue-specific expression of a and p thyroid hormone receptor genes. EMBO J. 9: 1519-1528.
(93) Bemal J, Pekonen F. 1984 Ontogenesis of the nuclear 3,5,3'-triiodothyroxine receptor in the human fetal brain, Endocrinology.114: 677-679.
(94) Ferreiro B, Bernal J, Goodyer CG, Branchard CL. 1988 Estimation of nuclear thyroid hormone receptor saturation in human fetal brain and lung during early gestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 67: 853-856.
(95) Pickard M, Iskaros J, Evans I, Sinha A, Hardiman P, Ekins R. Thyroid hormone gene expression in first trimester human fetal brain. IV. Proc of the European Congress of Endocrinology, Sevilla, Spain. 1998; p. OR8-1.
(96) Ruiz de Ofia C, Obreg6n MJ, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G. 1988 Developmental changes in rat brain 5'-deiodinase and thyroid hormones during the fetal period: the effects of fetal hypothyroidism and maternal thyroid hormones. Pediatr Res, 24: 588-594.
(97) Valverde C, Aceves C, Reyes E. 1993 Ontogenesis of iodothyronine deiodinase activities in brain and liver of the chick embryo. Endocrinology. 132: 867-872.
(98) Karmarkar MG, Prabarkaran D, Godbole MM. 1993 5'-Monodeiodinase activity in developing human cerebral cortex. Am J Clin Nutr. 57(Suppl 2); 291S-294S.
(99) Porterfield SP, Hendrich CE. 1993 The role of thyroid hormones in prenatal and neonatal neurological developmental. Current perspectives. Endocr Rev. 14: 94-106.
(100) Sinha AK, Pickard MR, Ekins RP. 1992 Maternal hypothyroxinemia and brain development; I. A hypothetical control system governing fetal exposure to maternal thyroid hormones. Acta Med Austr. 1: 40-48.
(101) Pal U, Biswas SC, Sarkar PK. 1997 Regulation of actin and its mRNA by thyroid hormones in cultures of fetal brain during second trimester of gestation. J Neurochem. 69: 1170-1176.
(102) Morreale de Escobar G, Obreg6n MJ, Ruiz de Ofia C, Escobar del Rey F. 1989 Comparison of maternal to fetal transfer of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine versus thyroxine in rats, as assessed from 3.5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine levels in fetal tissues. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 120: 20-30.
(103) Calvo R, Obregon MJ, Ruiz de Ofia C, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G. 1990 Congenital hypothyroidism, as studied in rats. Crucial role of maternal thyroxine but not of 3: 5,3'-triiodothyronine in the protection of the fetal brain. J Clin Invest. 86: 889-899.
(104) Morreale de Escobar G, Calvo R, Obregon MJ, Escobar Del Rey F. 1990 Contribution of maternal thyroxine to fetal thyroxine pools in normal rats near term. Endocrinology. 126: 2765-2767.
(105) Griimbach MM, Werner SC. 1956 Transfer of thyroid hormone across the human placenta at term. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 16: 1392-1395.
(106) Kearns JE. Hutson W. 1963 Tagged isomers and analogues of thyroxine (their transmission across the human placenta and other studies). J Nucl Med, 4: 453-461.
(107) Fisher DA. Lehman H, Lackey C. 1964 Placental transport of thyroxine. J Clm Endocrinol Metab. 24:393-400.
(108) Raiti S, Holzman GB. Scott RL. Blizzard RM. 1967 Evidence for the placental transfer of trliodothyronine in human beings. N Engl J Med. 277: 456-459.
(109) Dussault J, Row VV. Lickrish G. Volpe R. 1969 Studies of serum triiodothyronine concentration in maternal and cord blood, transfer of trliodothyronjne across the human placenta. I Clin Endocrinol Metab. 29: 595-603.
(110) Vulsma T. Gons MH, de Vijlder JJM. 1989 Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. N Engl J Med. 321: 13-16.
(111) Silva JE. Matthews P. 1984 Thyroid honnone metabolism and the source of plasma triiodothyronine in 2-week-old rats. Effects of thyroid status. Endocrinology. 1 14: 2394-2405.
(112) Ruiz de Ofia C, Morreale de Escobar G, Calvo R. Escobar del Rey F, Obregon MJ. 1991 Thyroid hormones and 5'-deiodinase in the rat fetus late in gestation: effects of maternal hypothyroidism. Endocrinology. 128: 422-432.
(113) Morreale de Escobar G, Calvo R, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F. 1992 Homeostasis of brain T3 in rat fetuses and their mothers; effects of thyroid status and iodine deficiency. Acta Med Austr. 1: 110-116.
(114) Pavelka S. Kopecky P. Bendlova B. et al. 1997 Tissue metabolism and plasma levels of thyroid hormones in critically ill very premature babies. Pediatr Res. 42: 812-818.
(115) Wu SY, Huang WS, Polk D. Florsheim WH. Green WL, Fisher DA. 1992 ldentification of thyroxine-sulfate (T4S) in human serum and amniotic fluid by a novel T4S radioimmunoassay. Thyroid. 2: 101-105.
(116) Mortimer RH, Galligan JP, Cannell GR, Addison RS. Roberts MS. 1996 Maternal to fetal thyroxine transmission in the human term placenta is limited by inner ring deiodination. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81: 2247-2249.
(117) Visser TJ. 1996 Pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism. Acta Med Austr, 23:10-16.
(118) Koopdonk-Kool JM. De Vijlder JJ. Veenboer GJM, et al. 1996 Type n and type 3 deiodinase activity in human placenta as a function of gestational age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81: 2154-2158.
(119) Santini F, Chiovato L, Ghirri P, et al. 1999 Serum iodothyronines in the human fetus and the newbom: evidence for an important role of placenta in fetal thyroid hormone homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84: 493-498.
(120) Richard K, Hume R, Kaptein E, et al. 1998 Ontogeny of iodothyronine deiodinases in human liver. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83: 2868-2874.
(121) Thorpe-Beeston JG, Nicolaides KH, Felton CV, Butler J. McGregor AM. 1991 Maturation of the secretion of thyroid hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone in the fetus. N Engl J Med. 324: 532-536.
(122) Bleichrodt N, Bom M. 1994 A metaanalysis of research on iodine and its relationship to cognitive development. In: Stanbury JB, ed. The damaged brain of iodine deficiency. Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communication Co.; 195-200.
(123) Pop VJ, van Baar AL, Vulsma T. 1999 Should all pregnant women be screened for hypothyroidism? Lancet. 11: 1224-1225.
(124) Klein RZ, Haddow JE. Faix JD. et al. 1991 Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clin Endocrinol. 35: 41-46.
(125) Glinoer D. 1997 The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocr Rev. 18: 404-433.
(126) Haddow JE, Klein RZ. Mitchell M. 1999 Letter to the editor. N Engl J Med, 341: 2016-2017.
(127) Vagenakis A, Koutras D. Burger A, Malamos B, Ingbar S. 1973 Studies of serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyrotropin concentrations in endemic goiter in Greece, J Clin En~0crinol Metab. 37: 485-488.
(128) Missler U. Cutekunst R. Wood WG. 1994 Thyroglobulin is a more sensitive indicator of iodine deficiency than thyrotropin: development and evaluation of dry blood spot assays for thyrotropin and thyroglobulin in iodine-deficient geographical areas. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 32: 137-143.
(129) Pharoah POD, Lawton NF, Ellis SM. Williams ES, Ekins RP. 1973 The role of triiodothyronine in the maintenance of euthyroidism in endemic goitre, Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2: 193-l99.
(130) Patel YC, Pharoah OD. Hornabrook RW, Hetzel BS. 1973 Serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone in endemic goiter: a comparison of goitrous and nongoitrous subjects in New Ginea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 37: 783-789.
(131) de Santiago J. Pastor I. Escobar del Rey F. Morreale de Escobar C. 1999 Thyroid function in pregnant women from an area with mild (grade I) iodine deficiency (Abstract). J Endocrinol Invest. 22(Suppl 6): 68.
(132) Glinoer D, De Nayer P, Delange F. et al. 1995 A randomized trial for the treatment of mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy; maternal and neonatal effects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 80: 258-269.
(133) Liesenkotter KP, Gopel W, Bogner U. Stach B, Griiters A. 1996 Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy, Eur J Endocrinol. 134: 443-448.
(134) Hollowell JC. Stachling NW. Hannon WH. et al. 1998 Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition exantination surveys 1 and 3 (1971-74 and 1988-94). I Clin Endocrinol Metab. 83: 3401-3408.
(135) Glinoer D. Femandez Soto M. Bourdoux P, et al. 1991 Pregnancy in patients with mild thyroid abnormalities: maternal and neonatal repercussions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 73: 421-427.
(136) Lejeune B. Grun JP. de Nayer P. Servais G, Glinoer D. 1993 Antithyroid antibodies underlying thyroid abnormalities and miscarriage or pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 100: 669-672.
(137) Stagnaro-Green A. 1994 Pregnancy and thyroid disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 14: 865-878.
(138) Glinoer D, Riahi M, Griin JP, Kinthaert J. 1994 Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 79: 197-204.
(139) Glinoer D. 1995 The thyroid in pregnancy: a EuroPean perspective. Thyroid Today. 58: 1-11.
(140) Matsuura N. Yamada Y. Nohara Y, et al. 1980 Familial neonatal transient hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins. N Engl J Med. 303: 738-741.
(141) Matsuura N, Fujieda K, Ilda Y, et al. 1988 TSH-receptor antibodies in mothers with Graves' disease and outcome in their offspring. Lancet. 1: 14-17.
(142) Brown RS, Bellisario RL, Botero D, et al. 1996 Incidence of transient congenital hypothyroidism due to maternal thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibodies in over one million babies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81: 1147-1151.
(143) Fukushi M, Honma K, Fujita K. 1999 Letter to the editor. N Engl J Med. 341: 2016.
(144) Pino S, Fang S-H, Braverman LE. 1996 Ammonium persulfate: a safe alternative oxidizing reagent for measuring urinary iodine. Clin Chem. 42: 239-243.
(145) Utiger RD. 1999 Reply to letters to the editor. N Engl J Med. 341: 2017.
(146) WHO. 1996 Iodized oil during pregnancy. Safe use of iodized oil to prevent iodine deficiency in pregnant women: a WHO statement. Bull WHO. 74: 1-3.
(147) Delange F. 1996 Administration of iodized oil during pregnancy: a summary of the published evidence. Bull WHO. 74: 101-108.

もどる