(1) |
Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Patel A, et al. Applications
of a new chemiluminometric thyrotropin assay to subnormal measurement. J
Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990; 70: 453-460. |
(2) |
Stock JM, Surks MI, Oppenheimer JH. Replacement dosage
of l-thyroxine in hypothyroidism: a re-evaluation. N Engl J Med 1974; 290:
529-533. |
(3) |
Hedley AJ, Amos J, Hall R, Michie W, Crooks J. Serum-thyrotropin
levels after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Lancet 1971; 1:
455-458. |
(4) |
Leese GP, Jung RT, Guthrie C, Waugh N, Browning MCK.
Morbidity in patients on l-thyroxine: a comparison of those with a normal
TSH to those with a suppressed TSH. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992; 37: 500-503. |
(5) |
Snyder PJ, Utiger RD. Inhibition of thyrotropin response
to thyrotropin-releasing hormone by small quantities of thyroid hormones.
J Clin Invest 1972; 51: 2077-2084. |
(6) |
Larsen PR. Thyroid-pituitary interaction: feedback regulation
of thyrotropin secretion by thyroid hormones. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 23-32. |
(7) |
Leslie PJ, Toft AD. The replacement therapy problem
in hypothyroidism. Ballieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 2: 653-69. |
(8) |
Franklyn JA, Daykin J, Betteridge J, et al. Thyroxine
replacement therapy and circulating lipid concentrations. Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf) 1993; 38: 453-459. |
(9) |
Carr D, McLeod DT, Parry G, Thornes HM. Fine adjustment
of thyroxine replacement dosage: comparison of the thyrotrophin releasing
hormone test using a sensitive thyrotrophin assay with measurement of free
thyroid hormones and clinical assessment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1988; 28:
325-333. |
(10) |
Auwerx J, Bouillon R. Mineral and bone metabolism in
thyroid disease: a review. Q J Med 1986; 60: 737-752. |
(11) |
Harvey RD, McHardy KC, Reid IW, et al. Measurement of
bone collagen degradation in hyperthyroidism and during thyroxine replacement
therapy using pyridinium cross-links as specific urinary markers. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab 1991; 72: 1189-1194. |
(12) |
Diamond T, Nery L, Hales I. A therapeutic dilemma: suppressive
doses of thyroxine significantly reduce bone mineral measurements in both
premenopausal and postmenopausal women with thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 1991; 72: 1184-1188. |
(13) |
Ross DS, Neer RM, Ridgway EC, Daniels GH. Subclinical
hyperthyroidism and reduced bone density as a possible result of prolonged
suppression of the pituitary-thyroid axis with l-thyroxine. Am J Med 1987;
82: 1167-1170. |
(14) |
Paul TL, Kerrigan J, Kelly AM, Braverman LE, Baran DT.
Long-term l-thyroxine therapy is associated with decreased hip bone density
in premenopausal women. JAMA 1988; 259: 3137-3141. |
(15) |
Stall GM, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Accelerated
bone loss in hypothyroid patients overtreated with l-thyroxine. Ann Intern
Med 1990; 113: 265-269. |
(16) |
Taelman P, Kaufman JM, Janssens X, Vandecauter H, Vermeulen
A. Reduced forearm bone mineral content and biochemical evidence of increased
bone turnover in women with euthyroid goitre treated with thyroid hormone.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990; 33: 107-117. |
(17) |
Greenspan SL, Greenspan FS, Resnick NM, Block JE, Friedlander
AL, Genant HK. Skeletal integrity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women
receiving long-term l-thyroxine therapy. Am J Med 1991; 91: 5-14. |
(18) |
Pioli G, Pedrazzoni M, Palummeri E, et al. Longitudinal
study of bone loss after thyroidectomy and suppressive thyroxine therapy
in premenopausal women. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1992; 126: 238-242. |
(19) |
Lehmke J, Bogner U, Felsenberg D, Peters H, Schleusener
H. Determination of bone mineral density by quantitative computed tomography
and single photon absorptiometry in subclinical hyperthyroidism: a risk
of early osteopaenia in post-menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992;
36: 511-517. |
(20) |
Ribot C, Tremollieres F, Pouilles JM, Louvet JP. Bone
mineral density and thyroid hormone therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1990;
33: 143-153. |
(21) |
Franklyn JA, Betteridge J, Daykin J, et al. Long-term
thyroxine treatment and bone mineral density. Lancet 1992; 340: 9-13. |
(22) |
Gam AN, Jensen GF, Hasselstrom K, Olsen M, Nielsen KS.
Effect of thyroxine therapy on bone metabolism in substituted hypothyroid
patients with normal or suppressed levels of TSH. J Endocrinol Invest 1991;
14: 451-455. |
(23) |
Solomon BL, Wartofsky L, Burman KD. Prevalence of fractures
in postmenopausal women with thyroid disease. Thyroid 1993; 3: 17-23. |
(24) |
Tzanela M, Thalassinos NC, Nikou A, Georgiadis G, Philokiprou
D. Effect of I treatment on the calcitonin response to calcium infusion
in hyperthyroid patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993; 38: 25-28. 131. |
(25) |
Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum
of thyroid disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf) 1977; 7: 481-493. |
(26) |
Ridgway EC, Cooper DS, Walker H, Rodbard D, Maloof F.
Peripheral responses to thyroid hormone before and after l-thyroxine therapy
in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981;
53: 1238-1242. |
(27) |
Wang Y-Y, Yang S-H. Improvement in hearing among otherwise
normal schoolchildren in iodine-deficient areas of Guizhou, China, following
use of iodised salt. Lancet 1985; 2: 518-520. |
(28) |
Wheatley T, Edwards OM. Mild hypothyroidism and oedema:
evidence for increased capillary permeability to protein. Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf) 1983; 18: 627-635. |
(29) |
Kutty KM, Bryant DG, Farid NR. Serum lipids in hypothyroidism
-- a reevaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1978; 46: 55-56. |
(30) |
Tieche M, Lupi GA, Gutzwiller F, Grob PJ, Studer H,
Burgi H. Borderline low thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity: risk
factors for coronary heart disease? Br Heart J 1981; 46: 202-206. |
(31) |
Toft AD, Irvine WJ, Seth J, Hunter WM, Cameron EHD.
Thyroid function in the long-term follow-up of patients treated with iodine-131
for thyrotoxicosis. Lancet 1975; 2: 576-578. |
(32) |
Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. Lipid profiles
and cardiovascular disease in the Whickham area with particular reference
to thyroid failure. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1977; 7: 495-508. |
(33) |
Althaus BU, Staub J-J, Ryff-De-Leche A, Oberhansli A, Stahelin HB. LDL/HDL-changes
in subclinical hypothyroidism: possible risk factors for coronary heart
disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1988; 28: 157-163. |
(34) |
Nilsson G, Nordlander S, Levin K. Studies on subclinical
hypothyroidism with special reference to the serum lipid pattern. Acta Med
Scand 1976; 200: 63-67. |
(35) |
Lithell H, Boberg J, Hellsing K, et al. Serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein
concentrations and tissue lipoprotein-lipase activity in overt and subclinical
hypothyroidism: the effect of substitution therapy. Eur J Clin Invest 1981;
11: 3-10. |
(36) |
Bell GM, Todd WTA, Forfar JC, et al. End-organ responses
to thyroxine therapy in subclinical hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
1985; 22: 83-89. |
(37) |
Caron P, Calazel C, Parra HJ, Hoff M, Louvet JP. Decreased HDL cholesterol
in subclinical hypothyroidism: the effect of l-thyroxine therapy. Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf) 1990; 33: 519-523. |
(38) |
Arem R, Patsch W. Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels
in subclinical hypothyroidism: effect of levothyroxine therapy. Arch Intern
Med 1990; 150: 2097-2100. |
(39) |
Cooper DS, Halpern R, Wood LC, Levin AA, Ridgway ED. L-thyroxine therapy
in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 18-24. |
(40) |
Nystrom E, Caidahl K, Fager G, Wikkelso C, Lundberg
P-A, Lindstedt G. A double-blind cross-over 12-month study of l-thyroxine
treatment of women with 'subclinical' hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
1988; 29: 63-75. |
(41) |
Toft AD, Irvine WJ, Seth J, Cameron EHD. How often should patients be
reviewed after treatment with iodine-131 for thyrotoxicosis? BMJ 1978; 2:
1115-1117. |
(42) |
Lundstrom B, Gillquist J. The importance of elevated
TSH in serum after subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism: a five-year
follow-up study. Acta Chir Scand 1981; 147: 645-647. |
(43) |
Tunbridge WMG, Brewis M, French JM, et al. Natural history of autoimmune
thyroiditis. BMJ 1981; 282: 258-262. |
(44) |
Rosenthal MJ, Hunt WC, Garry PJ, Goodwin JS. Thyroid
failure in the elderly: microsomal antibodies as discriminant for therapy.
JAMA 1987; 258: 209-213. |
(45) |
Spencer C, Eigen A, Shen D, et al. Specificity of sensitive assays of
thyrotropin (TSH) used to screen for thyroid disease in hospitalized patients.
Clin Chem 1987; 33: 1391-1396. |
(46) |
Bearcroft CP, Toms GC, Williams SJ, Noonan K, Monson
JP. Thyroxine replacement in post-radioiodine hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf) 1991; 34: 115-118. |
(47) |
Hardisty CA, Fowles A, Munro DS. The effect of radioiodine and antithyroid
drugs on serum long acting thyroid stimulator protector (LATS-P): a three
year prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1984; 20: 597-605. |
(48) |
Kasagi K, Konishi J, Iida Y, Mori T, Torizuka K. Changes
in thyroid-stimulating and TSH-binding inhibitory activities in a patient
who developed hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease following primary hypothyroidism.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1986; 25: 519-525. |
(49) |
Stone E, Leiter LA, Lambert JR, Silverberg JDH, Jeejeebhoy KN, Burrow
GN. l-Thyroxine absorption in patients with short bowel. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 1984; 59: 139-141. |
(50) |
Mandel SJ, Brent GA, Larsen PR. Levothyroxine therapy
in patients with thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 492-502. |
(51) |
Fung HYM, Kologlu M, Collison K, et al. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction
in Mid Glamorgan. BMJ 1988; 296: 241-244. |
(52) |
How J, Khir ASM, Bewsher PD. Spontaneous remission of
hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Lancet 1980; 2: 427-427. |
(53) |
Yoshinari M, Okamura K, Tokuyama T, et al. Clinical importance of reversibility
in primary goitrous hypothyroidism. BMJ 1983; 287: 720-722. |
(54) |
l'Allemand D, Gruters A, Heidemann P, Schurnbrand P.
Iodine-induced alterations of thyroid function in newborn infants after
prenatal and perinatal exposure to povidone iodine. J Pediatr 1983; 102:
935-938. |
(55) |
Jackson HJ, Sutherland RM. Effect of povidone-iodine on neonatal thyroid
function. Lancet 1981; 2: 992-992. |
(56) |
Iseki M, Shimizu M, Oikawa T, et al. Sequential serum
measurements of thyrotropin binding inhibitor immunoglobulin G in transient
familial neonatal hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57: 384-387. |
(57) |
Topliss DJ, White EL, Stockigt JR. Significance of thyrotropin excess
in untreated primary adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;
50: 52-56. |
(58) |
Toft AD, Irvine WJ, Sinclair I, McIntosh D, Seth J,
Cameron EHD. Thyroid function after surgical treatment of thyrotoxicosis:
a report of 100 cases treated with propranolol before operation. N Engl
J Med 1978; 298: 643-647. |
(59) |
Sawers JSA, Toft AD, Irvine WJ, Brown NS, Seth J. Transient hypothyroidism
after iodine-131 treatment of thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;
50: 226-229. |
(60) |
Steinberg AD. Myxedema and coronary artery disease --
a comparative autopsy study. Ann Intern Med 1968; 68: 338-344. |
(61) |
Keating FR Jr, Parkin TW, Selby JB, Dickinson LS. Treatment of heart disease
associated with myxedema. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1961; 3: 364-381. |
(62) |
Levine HD. Compromise therapy in the patient with angina
pectoris and hypothyroidism: a clinical assessment. Am J Med 1980; 69: 411-418. |
(63) |
Davis LE, Leveno KJ, Cunningham FG. Hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy.
Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 108-112. |
(64) |
Mandel SJ, Larsen PR, Seely EW, Brent GA. Increased
need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism.
N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 91-96. |
(65) |
Kaplan MM. Monitoring thyroxine treatment during pregnancy. Thyroid 1992;
2: 147-152. |
(66) |
New England Congenital Hypothyroidism Collaborative.
Elementary school performance of children with congenital hypothyroidism.
J Pediatr 1990; 116: 27-32. |
(67) |
Fisher DA. Management of congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab 1991; 72: 523-529. |
(68) |
Grant DB, Fuggle PW, Tokar S, Smith I. Outcome of the
UK screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism. Community Lab Med
1992; 1: 152-4. |
(69) |
Mazzaferri EL. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: factors influencing prognosis
and current therapy. Semin Oncol 1987; 14: 315-332. [Erratum, Semin Oncol
1988; 15: x.] |
(70) |
Hegedus L, Hansen JM, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Hansen BM,
Hoier-Madsen M. Influence of thyroxine treatment on thyroid size and anti-thyroid
peroxidase antibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)
1991; 35: 235-238. |
(71) |
Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 1993;
328: 553-559. |
(72) |
Edmonds C. Treatment of sporadic goitre with thyroxine.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992; 36: 21-23. 73. Berghout A, Wiersinga WM, Drexhage
HA, Smits NJ, Touber JL. Comparison of placebo with L-thyroxine alone or
with carbimazole for treatment of sporadic non-toxic goitre. Lancet 1990;
336: 193-197. |
(73) |
Takasu N, Yamada T, Takasu M, et al. Disappearance of thyrotropin-blocking
antibodies and spontaneous recovery from hypothyroidism in autoimmune thyroiditis.
N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 513-518. |