| (1) | 
    Figge J. Epidemiology of thyroid cancer. In: Wartofsky 
      L, ed. Thyroid Cancer: a comprehensive guide to clinical management. Totowa: 
      Humana Press, 1999; 77-83. | 
  
   
    | (2) | 
    Gilliland FD, Hunt WC, Morris DM, Key CR. Prognostic 
      factors for thyroid carcinoma: A population-based study of 15,698 cases 
      from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program 1973-1991. 
      Cancer 1997; 79: 564-73. | 
  
   
    | (3) | 
    Teppo L, Hakulinen T. Eurocare Working Group. Variation 
      in survival of adult patients with thyroid cancer in Europe. Eur J Cancer 
      1998; 34: 2248-52. | 
  
   
    | (4) | 
    Maldonado MR, Sherman SI. Predictive value of clinicopathologic 
      staging for medullary thyroid carcinoma. 72nd Annual Meeting of the American 
      Thyroid Association; 1999; Palm Beach, FL, 1999. | 
  
   
    | (5) | 
    Dinneen SF, Valimaki MJ, Bergstralh EJ, et al. Distant 
      metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma: 100 cases observed at one institution 
      during 5 decades. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2041-5. | 
  
   
    | (6) | 
    Kumar H, Daykin J, Holder R, et al. An audit of management of differentiated 
      thyroid cancer in specialist and non-specialist clinic settings. Clin Endocrinol 
      (Oxf) 2001; 54 (6): 719-23. | 
  
   
    | (7) | 
    British Thyroid Association and Royal College of Physicians. 
      Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer in adults London: Guidelines 
      for the management of thyroid cancer in adults, 2002. | 
  
   
    | (8) | 
    Task Force TC. AACE/AAES medical/surgical guidelines for clinical practice: 
      Management of thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Pr 2001; 7: 203-20. | 
  
   
    | (9) | 
    Sherman SI. NCCN practice guidelines for thyroid cancer, 
      version 2001. National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2001. | 
  
   
    | (10) | 
    Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, et al. Jr., Marx SJ. Guidelines for diagnosis 
      and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 
      5658-71. | 
  
   
    | (11) | 
    Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, et al. Treatment guidelines 
      for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. 
      Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 2165-72. | 
  
   
    | (12) | 
    Ravetto C, Colombo L, Dottorini ME. Usefulness of fine-needle 
      aspiration in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective study 
      in 37,895 patients. Cancer 2000; 90: 357-63. | 
  
   
    | (13) | 
    Gharib H, Goellner JR. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy 
      of the thyroid: an appraisal. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118 (4): 282-89. | 
  
   
    | (14) | 
    Baloch ZW, Fleisher S, LiVolsi VA, Gupta PK. Diagnosis 
      of "follicular neoplasm": a gray zone in thyroid fine-needle aspiration 
      cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2002; 26: 41-44. | 
  
   
    | (15) | 
    Tyler DS, Winchester DJ, Caraway NP, Hickey RC, Evans 
      DB. Indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid. Identification 
      of subgroups at high risk for invasive carcinoma. Surgery 1994; 116 (12): 
      1054-60. | 
  
   
    | (16) | 
    Tuttle RM, Lemar H, Burch HB. Clinical features associated with an increased 
      risk of thyroid malignancy in patients with follicular neoplasia by fine-needle 
      aspiration. Thyroid 1998; 8: 377-83. | 
  
   
    | (17) | 
    Bartolazzi A, Gasbarri A, Papotti M, et al. Application 
      of an immunodiagnostic method for improving preoperative diagnosis of nodular 
      thyroid lesions. Lancet 2001; 357: 1644-50. | 
  
   
    | (18) | 
    Udelsman R, Westra WH, Donovan PI, Sohn TA, Cameron JL. Randomized prospective 
      evaluation of frozen-section analysis for follicular neoplasms of the thyroid. 
      Ann Surg 2001; 23: 716-22. | 
  
   
    | (19) | 
    Roach JC, Heller KS, Dubner S, Sznyter LA. The value 
      of frozen section examinations in determining the extent of thyroid surgery 
      in patients with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology. Arch Otolaryngol 
      Head Neck Surg 2002; 128: 263-67. | 
  
   
    | (20) | 
    Cramer H. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid: an appraisal. 
      Cancer 2000; 90: 325-29. | 
  
   
    | (21) | 
    Cases JA, Surks MI. The changing role of scintigraphy 
      in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Semin Nucl Med 2000; 30: 81-87. | 
  
   
    | (22) | 
    Ezzat S, Sarti DA, Cain DR, Braunstein GD. Thyroid incidentalomas. Prevalence 
      by palpation and ultrasonography. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 1838-40. | 
  
   
    | (23) | 
    Burguera B, Gharib H. Thyroid incidentalomas. Prevalence, 
      diagnosis, significance, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 
      2000; 29: 187-203. | 
  
   
    | (24) | 
    Tan GH, Gharib H. Thyroid incidentalomas: management approaches to nonpalpable 
      nodules discovered incidentally on thyroid imaging. Ann Intern Med 1997; 
      126: 226-31. | 
  
   
    | (25) | 
    Figge J, Jennings T, Gerasimov G. Radiation and thyroid 
      cancer. In: Wartofsky L, ed. Thyroid cancer: a comprehensive guide to clinical 
      management. Totowa: Humana Press, 1999: 85-116. | 
  
   
    | (26) | 
    Pacini F, Vorontsova T, Demidchik EP, et al. Post-Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma 
      in Belarus children and adolescents: comparison with naturally occurring 
      thyroid carcinoma in Italy and France. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 
      3563-69. | 
  
   
    | (27) | 
    Musholt TJ, Musholt PB, Petrich T, et al. Familial papillary 
      thyroid carcinoma: genetics, criteria for diagnosis, clinical features, 
      and surgical treatment. World J Surg 2000; 24: 1409-17. | 
  
   
    | (28) | 
    Alsanea O, Wada N, Ain K, et al. Is familial non-medullary thyroid carcinoma 
      more aggressive than sporadic thyroid cancer? A multicenter series. Surgery 
      2000; 128: 1043-50. | 
  
   
    | (29) | 
    McKay JD, Lesueur F, Jonard L, et al. Localization of 
      a susceptibility gene for familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma to chromosome 
      2q21. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69: 440-46. | 
  
   
    | (30) | 
    Fagin JA. Molecular pathogenesis of tumors of thyroid follicular cells. 
      In: Fagin JA, ed. Thyroid Cancer. Boston: Kluwer, 1998. | 
  
   
    | (31) | 
    Nikiforova MN, Stringer JR, Blough R, et al. Proximity 
      of chromosomal loci that participate in radiation-induced rearrangements 
      in human cells. Science 2000; 290: 138-41. | 
  
   
    | (32) | 
    Elisei R, Shiohara M, Koeffler HP, Fagin JA. Genetic and epigenetic alterations 
      of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p15INK4b and p16INK4a in human 
      thyroid carcinoma cell lines and primary thyroid carcinomas. Cancer 1998; 
      83: 2185-93. | 
  
   
    | (33) | 
    Ouyang B, Knauf JA, Ain K, Nacev B, Fagin JA. Mechanisms 
      of aneuploidy in thyroid cancer cell lines and tissues: evidence for mitotic 
      checkpoint dysfunction without mutations in BUB1 and BUBR1. Clin Endocrinol 
      (Oxf) 2002; 56: 341-50. | 
  
   
    | (34) | 
    Specht MC, Barden CB, Fahey TJ 3rd. p44/p42-MAP kinase expression in papillary 
      thyroid carcinomas. Surgery 2001; 130: 936-40. | 
  
   
    | (35) | 
    Saavedra HI, Knauf JA, Shirokawa JM, et al. The RAS 
      oncogene induces genomic instability in thyroid PCCL3 cells via the MAPK 
      pathway. Oncogene 2000; 19: 3948-54. | 
  
   
    | (36) | 
    Kroll TG, Sarraf P, Pecciarini L, et al. PAX8-PPARgamma1 fusion oncogene 
      in human thyroid carcinoma [corrected]. Science 2000; 289: 1357-60. | 
  
   
    | (37) | 
    Minireview FJA. branded from the start-distinct oncogenic 
      initiating events may determine tumor fate in the thyroid. Mol Endocrinol 
      2002; 16: 903-11. | 
  
   
    | (38) | 
    Byar DP, Green SB, Dor P, et al. A prognostic index for thyroid carcinoma. 
      A study of the E O R T C thyroid cancer cooperative group. Eur J Cancer 
      1979; 15: 1033-41. | 
  
   
    | (39) | 
    Cady B, Rossi R. An expanded view of risk-group definition 
      in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1988; 104: 947-53. | 
  
   
    | (40) | 
    Hermanek P, Sobin LH. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 4th edn, 
      2nd rev edn. Berlin: Springer, 1992. | 
  
   
    | (41) | 
    Hay ID, Grant CS, Taylor WF, McConahey WM. Ipsilateral 
      lobectomy versus bilateral lobar resection in papillary thyroid carcinoma: 
      a retrospective analysis of surgical outcome using a novel prognostic scoring 
      system. Surgery 1987; 102: 1088-95. | 
  
   
    | (42) | 
    Hay ID, Bergstralh EJ, Goellner J, Ebersold JR, Grant CS. Predicting outcome 
      in papillary carcinoma: Development of a reliable prognostic scoring system 
      in a cohort of 1779 patients treated surgically at one institution during 
      1940 through 1989. Surgery 1993; 114: 1050-58. | 
  
   
    | (43) | 
    DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, McCormick M, Straus FH. Natural 
      history, treatment, and course of papillary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol 
      Metab 1990; 71: 414-24. | 
  
   
    | (44) | 
    Mazzaferri EL, Jhiang SM. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical 
      therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med 1994; 97: 418-28. | 
  
   
    | (45) | 
    Sherman SI, Brierley JD, Sperling M, et al. HR. Prospective 
      multicenter study of treatment of thyroid carcinoma: initial analysis of 
      staging and outcome. Cancer 1998; 83: 1012-21. | 
  
   
    | (46) | 
    Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Tsang RW, Gospodarowicz MK, O'Sullivan B. A 
      comparison of different staging systems predictability of patient outcome. 
      Thyroid carcinoma as an example. Cancer 1997; 79: 2414-23. | 
  
   
    | (47) | 
    Sherman SI. Toward a standard clinicopathologic staging 
      approach for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1999; 16 
      (1): 12-15. | 
  
   
    | (48) | 
    Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology. Recommended 
      reporting format for thyroid carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 11 (5): 684-86. | 
  
   
    | (49) | 
    Burman KD, Ringel MD, Wartofsky L. Unusual types of 
      thyroid neoplasms. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996; 25: 49-68. | 
  
   
    | (50) | 
    Katoh R, Sasaki J, Kurihara H, et al. Multiple thyroid involvement (intraglandular 
      metastasis) in papillary thyroid carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 
      105 consecutive patients. Cancer 1992; 70: 1585-90. | 
  
   
    | (51) | 
    Silverberg SG, Hutter RVP, Foote FW Jr. Fatal carcinoma 
      of the thyroid: histology, metastases, and causes of death. Cancer 1970; 
      25: 792-802. | 
  
   
    | (52) | 
    Hay ID, Grant CS, Bergstralh EJ, Thompson GB, van Heerden JA, Goellner 
      JR. Unilateral total lobectomy: is it sufficient surgical treatment for 
      patients with AMES low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma? Surgery 1998; 124: 
      958-66. | 
  
   
    | (53) | 
    Taylor T, Specker B, Robbins J, et al. Outcome after 
      treatment of high-risk papillary and non-Hurthle-cell follicular thyroid 
      carcinoma. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 622-27. | 
  
   
    | (54) | 
    DeGroot LJ, Kaplan EL, Straus FH. Does the method of management of papillary 
      thyroid carcinoma make a difference in outcome? World J Surg 1994; 18: 123-30. | 
  
   
    | (55) | 
    Samaan NA, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, et al. The results 
      of various modalities of treatment of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma: 
      a retrospective review of 1599 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 75: 
      714-20. | 
  
   
    | (56) | 
    Cady B. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: treatment based on risk 
      group definition. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1998; 7: 633-44. | 
  
   
    | (57) | 
    Shaha AR, Shah JP, Loree TR. Low-risk differentiated 
      thyroid cancer: the need for selective treatment. Ann Surg Oncol 1997; 4: 
      328-33. | 
  
   
    | (58) | 
    Sherman SI. The risks of thyroidectomy: words of caution for referring 
      physicians. J Gen Intern Med 1998; 13: 60-61. | 
  
   
    | (59) | 
    Grant CS. Operative and postoperative management of 
      the patient with follicular and Hurthle cell carcinoma. Surg Clin N Am 1995; 
      75: 395-403. | 
  
   
    | (60) | 
    Grebe SK, Hay ID. Thyroid cancer nodal metastases: biologic significance 
      and therapeutic considerations. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1996; 5: 43-63. | 
  
   
    | (61) | 
    Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Schultz PN, Haynie TP. Clinical 
      outcome of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who have recurrence 
      after initial radioactive iodine therapy. Cancer 1996; 78: 493-501. | 
  
   
    | (62) | 
    Simon D, Goretzki PE, Witte J, Roher HD. Incidence of regional recurrence 
      guiding radicality in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg 1996; 
      20: 860-66. | 
  
   
    | (63) | 
    Gillenwater AM, Goepfert H. Surgical management of laryngotracheal 
      and esophageal involvement by locally advanced thyroid cancer. Semin Surg 
      Oncol 1999; 16: 19-29. | 
  
   
    | (64) | 
    Catz B, Petit D, Schwartz M, Davis F, McCammon C, Starr P. Treatment of 
      cancer of the thyroid postoperatively with suppressive thyroid medication, 
      radioiodine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Cancer 1959; 12: 371-83. | 
  
   
    | (65) | 
    Maxon HR, Thomas SR, Samaratunga RC. Dosimetric considerations 
      in the radioiodine treatment of macrometastases and micrometastases from 
      differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 1997; 7: 183-88. | 
  
   
    | (66) | 
    Wong JB, Kaplan MM, Meyer KB, Pauker SG. Ablative radioactive iodine therapy 
      for apparently localized thyroid carcinoma: a decision analytic perspective. 
      Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1990; 19: 741-60. | 
  
   
    | (67) | 
    Schlumberger M, Tubiana M, De Vathaire F, et al. Long-term 
      results of treatment of 283 patients with lung and bone metastases from 
      differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 960-67. | 
  
   
    | (68) | 
    Goldman JM, Line BR, Aamodt RL, Robbins J. Influence of triiodothyronine 
      withdrawal time on 131I uptake post-thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. J 
      Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 50: 734-39. | 
  
   
    | (69) | 
    Lakshmanan M, Schaffer A, Robbins J, Reynolds J, Norton 
      J. A simplified low iodine diet in I-131 scanning and therapy of thyroid 
      cancer. Clin Nucl Med 1988; 13: 866-68. | 
  
   
    | (70) | 
    Sherman SI, Tielens ET, Sostre S, Wharam MD Jr, Ladenson PW. Clinical 
      utility of posttreatment radioiodine scans in the management of patients 
      with thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78: 629-34. | 
  
   
    | (71) | 
    Muratet JP, Daver A, Minier JF, Larra F. Influence of 
      scanning doses of iodine-131 on subsequent first ablative treatment outcome 
      in patients operated on for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 
      1998; 39: 1546-50. | 
  
   
    | (72) | 
    Mandel SJ, Shankar LK, Benard F, Yamamoto A, Alavi A. Superiority of iodine-123 
      compared with iodine-131 scanning for thyroid remnants in patients with 
      differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Nucl Med 2001; 26: 6-9. | 
  
   
    | (73) | 
    Logue JP, Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ. Radioiodine 
      ablation of residual tissue in thyroid cancer: relationship between administered 
      activity, neck uptake and outcome. Br J Radiol 1994; 67: 1127-31. | 
  
   
    | (74) | 
    Bal C, Padhy AK, Jana S, Pant GS, Basu AK. Prospective randomized clinical 
      trial to evaluate the optimal dose of 131 I for remnant ablation in patients 
      with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1996; 77: 2574-80. | 
  
   
    | (75) | 
    Beierwaltes WH, Rabbani R, Dmuchowski C, Lloyd RV, Eyre 
      P, Mallette S. An analysis of ablation of thyroid remnants with I-131 in 
      511 patients from 1947-1984: Experience at University of Michigan. J Nucl 
      Med 1984; 25: 1287-93. | 
  
   
    | (76) | 
    Maxon HR, Englaro EE, Thomas SR, et al. Radioiodine-131 therapy for well-differentiated 
      thyroid cancerムa quantitative radiation dosimetric approach: outcome and 
      validation in 85 patients. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 1132-36. | 
  
   
    | (77) | 
    Reynolds JC. Percent 131I uptake and post-therapy 131I 
      scans: their role in the management of thyroid cancer. Thyroid 1997; 7: 
      281-84. | 
  
   
    | (78) | 
    Pujol P, Daures J-P, Nsakala N, Baldet L, Bringer J, Jaffiol C. Degree 
      of thyrotropin suppression as a prognostic determinant in differentiated 
      thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 4318-23. | 
  
   
    | (79) | 
    Cooper DS, Specker B, Ho M, et al. Thyrotropin suppression 
      and disease progression in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: 
      results from the National Thyroid Cancer Treatment Cooperative Registry. 
      Thyroid 1998; 8: 737-44. | 
  
   
    | (80) | 
    Stall GM, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Accelerated bone loss 
      in hypothyroid patients overtreated with L-thyroxine. Ann Intern Med 1990; 
      113: 265-69. | 
  
   
    | (81) | 
    Bauer DC, Ettinger B, Nevitt MC, Stone KL, for the Study 
      of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Risk for fracture in women with 
      low serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 
      561-68. | 
  
   
    | (82) | 
    Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations 
      as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med 
      1994; 331: 1249-52. | 
  
   
    | (83) | 
    Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Fazio S, et al. Endogenous subclinical 
      hyperthyroidism affects quality of life and cardiac morphology and function 
      in young and middle aged patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 4701-05. | 
  
   
    | (84) | 
    Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Simpson WJ, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe 
      SB. The effects of surgery, radioiodine, and external radiation therapy 
      on the clinical outcome of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. 
      Cancer 1998; 82: 375-88. | 
  
   
    | (85) | 
    Farahati J, Reiners C, Stuschke M, et al. Differentiated 
      thyroid cancer. impact of adjuvant external radiotherapy in patients with 
      perithyroidal tumor infiltration (stage pT4). Cancer 1996; 77: 172-80. | 
  
   
    | (86) | 
    Brierley JD, Tsang RW. External-beam radiation therapy in the treatment 
      of differentiated thyroid cancer. Semin Surg Oncol 1999; 16: 42-49. | 
  
   
    | (87) | 
    Grigsby PW, Baglan K, Siegel BA. Surveillance of patients 
      to detect recurrent thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1999; 85: 945-51. | 
  
   
    | (88) | 
    Antonelli A, Miccoli P, Fedeghini M, et al. Role of neck ultrasound in 
      the follow-up of patients operated on for thyroid cancer. Thyroid 1995; 
      5: 25-28. | 
  
   
    | (89) | 
    Krishnamurthy S, Bedi DG, Caraway NP. Ultrasound-guided 
      fineneedle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid bed. Cancer (Cytopathology) 
      2001; 93: 199-205. | 
  
   
    | (90) | 
    Franceschi M, Kusic Z, Franceschi D, Lukinac L, Roncevic S. Thyroglobulin 
      determination, neck ultrasonography and iodine-131 whole-body scintigraphy 
      in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1996; 37: 446-51. | 
  
   
    | (91) | 
    Frilling A, Gorges R, Tecklenborg K, Gassmann P, et 
      al. Value of preoperative diagnostic modalities in patients with recurrent 
      thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 2000; 128: 1067-74. | 
  
   
    | (92) | 
    Shiga T, Tsukamoto E, Nakada K. Comparison of (18)F-FDG, (131)I-Na, and 
      (201)Tl in diagnosis of recurrent or metastatic thyroid carcinoma. J Nucl 
      Med 2001; 42: 414-19. | 
  
   
    | (93) | 
    Spencer CA, LoPresti JS, Fatemi S, Nicoloff JT. Detection 
      of residual and recurrent differentiated thyroid carcinoma by serum thyroglobulin 
      measurement. Thyroid 1999; 9: 435-41. | 
  
   
    | (94) | 
    Ozata M, Suzuki S, Miyamoto T, Liu RT, Fierro-Renoy F, DeGroot LJ. Serum 
      thyroglobulin in the follow-up of patients treated with differentiated thyroid 
      cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 98-105. | 
  
   
    | (95) | 
    Schlumberger M, Baudin E. Serum thyroglobulin determination 
      in the follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Eur 
      J Endocrinol 1998; 138: 249-52. | 
  
   
    | (96) | 
    Mueller-Gaertner HW, Schneider C. Clinical evaluation of tumor characteristics 
      predisposing serum thyroglobulin to be undetectable in patients with differentiated 
      thyroid cancer. Cancer 1988; 61: 976-81. | 
  
   
    | (97) | 
    Haugen BR, Pacini F, Reiners C, et al. A comparison 
      of recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid hormone withdrawal for the 
      detection of thyroid remnant or cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 
      3877-85. | 
  
   
    | (98) | 
    Mariotti S, Barbesino G, Caturegli P, et al. Assay of thyroglobulin in 
      serum with thyroglobulin autoantibodies: an unobtainable goal? J Clin Endocrinol 
      Metab 1995; 80: 468-72. | 
  
   
    | (99) | 
    Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M. Current status 
      and performance goals for thyroglobulin assays. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 164-73. | 
  
   
    | (100) | 
    Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid 
      antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health 
      and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 
      87: 489-99. | 
  
   
    | (101) | 
    Spencer CA, Takeuchi M, Kazarosyan M, et al. Serum thyroglobulin 
      autoantibodies: prevalence, influence on serum thyroglobulin measurement, 
      and prognostic significance in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. 
      J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 1121-27. | 
  
   
    | (102) | 
    Ringel MD, Ladenson PW, Levine MA. Molecular diagnosis of residual and 
      recurrent thyroid cancer by amplification of thyroglobulin messenger ribonucleic 
      acid in peripheral blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 4435-42. | 
  
   
    | (103) | 
    Takano T, Miyauchi A, Yoshida H, Hasegawa Y, Kuma K, 
      Amino N. Quantitative measurement of thyroglobulin mRNA in peripheral blood 
      of patients after total thyroidectomy. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 102-06. | 
  
   
    | (104) | 
    Ladenson PW. Strategies for thyrotropin use to monitor patients with treated 
      thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 1999; 9: 429-33. | 
  
   
    | (105) | 
    Pacini F, Lippi F. Clinical experience with recombinant 
      human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH): serum thyroglobulin measurement. 
      J Endocrinol Invest 1999; 22: 25-29. | 
  
   
    | (106) | 
    Schlumberger M, Ricard M, Pacini F. Clinical use of recombinant human 
      TSH in thyroid cancer patients. Eur J Endocrinol 2000; 143: 557-63. | 
  
   
    | (107) | 
    Mazzaferri EL, Kloos RT. Is diagnostic Iodine-131 scanning 
      with recombinant human TSH useful in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid 
      cancer after thyroid ablation? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1490-98. | 
  
   
    | (108) | 
    Sherman SI, Lopez-Penabad L. The use of recombinant human thyrotropin 
      in the management of thyroid carcinoma and other disorders. In: Meikle AW, 
      ed. Hormone replacement therapy, 2nd edn. Totowa NJ: Humana Press (in press). | 
  
   
    | (109) | 
    Niederle B, Roka R, Schemper M, Fritsch A, Weissel M, 
      Ramach W. Surgical treatment of distant metastases in differentiated thyroid 
      cancer: indication and results. Surgery 1986; 100: 1088-97. | 
  
   
    | (110) | 
    Chiu AC, Delpassand ES, Sherman SI. Prognosis and treatment of brain metastases 
      in thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 3637-42. | 
  
   
    | (111) | 
    Bernier MO, Leenhardt L, Hoang C, et al. Survival and 
      therapeutic modalities in patients with bone metastases of differentiated 
      thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1568-73. | 
  
   
    | (112) | 
    Beierwaltes WH, Nishiyama RH, Thompson NW, Copp JE, Kubo A. Survival time 
      and メcureモ in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma with distant metastases: 
      statistics following University of Michigan therapy. J Nucl Med 1982; 23: 
      561-68. | 
  
   
    | (113) | 
    Brierley J, Maxon HR. Radioiodine and external radiation 
      therapy in the treatment of thyroid cancer. In: Fagin JA, ed. Thyroid cancer. 
      Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998: 285-317. | 
  
   
    | (114) | 
    Maxon HR, Smith HS. Radioiodine-131 in the diagnosis and treatment of 
      metastatic well differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North 
      Am 1990; 19: 685-718. | 
  
   
    | (115) | 
    Sisson JC, Giordano TJ, Jamadar DA, et al. 131-I treatment 
      of micronodular pulmonary metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 
      1996; 78: 2184-92. | 
  
   
    | (116) | 
    Furhang EE, Larson SM, Buranapong P, Humm JL. Thyroid cancer dosimetry 
      using clearance fitting. J Nucl Med 1999; 40: 131-36. | 
  
   
    | (117) | 
    Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Palmer L, Taylor S, Cooksley 
      CS. Incidence of breast carcinoma in women with thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 
      1999; 85: 696-705. | 
  
   
    | (118) | 
    de Vathaire F, Schlumberger M, Delisle MJ, et al. Leukaemias and cancers 
      following iodine-131 administration for thyroid cancer. Br J Cancer 1997; 
      75: 734-39. | 
  
   
    | (119) | 
    Chen AY, Levy L, Goepfert H, Brown BW, Spitz MR, Vassilopoulou-Sellin 
      R. The development of breast carcinoma in women with thyroid carcinoma. 
      Cancer 2001; 92: 225-31. | 
  
   
    | (120) | 
    Pacini F, Gasperi M, Fugazzola L, et al. Testicular function in patients 
      with differentiated thyroid carcinoma treated with radioiodine. J Nucl Med 
      1994; 35: 1418-22. | 
  
   
    | (121) | 
    Vini L, Hyer S, Al-Saadi A, Pratt B, Harmer C. Prognosis 
      for fertility and ovarian function after treatment with radioiodine for 
      thyroid cancer. Postgrad Med J 2002; 78: 92-93. | 
  
   
    | (122) | 
    Ceccarelli C, Bencivelli W, Morciano D, Pinchera A, Pacini F. 131I therapy 
      for differentiated thyroid cancer leads to an earlier onset of menopause: 
      results of a retrospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3512-15. | 
  
   
    | (123) | 
    Haugen BR. Management of the patient with progressive 
      radioiodine non-responsive disease. Semin Surg Oncol 1999; 16: 34-41. | 
  
   
    | (124) | 
    Vassilopoulou-Sellin R, Goepfert H, Raney B, Schultz PN. Differentiated 
      thyroid cancer in children and adolescents: clinical outcome and mortality 
      after long-term follow-up. Head Neck 1998; 20: 549-55. | 
  
   
    | (125) | 
    Ball DW, Baylin SB, de Bustros AC. Medullary thyroid 
      carcinoma. In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbars: the thyroid 
      7th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 946-60. | 
  
   
    | (126) | 
    Horvit PK, Gagel RF. Editorial: The goitrous patient with an elevated 
      serum calcitoninムwhat to do? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 335-37. | 
  
   
    | (127) | 
    Hahm JR, Lee MS, Min YK, et al. Routine measurement 
      of serum calcitonin is useful for early detection of medullary thyroid carcinoma 
      in patients with nodular thyroid diseases. Thyroid 2001; 11: 73-80. | 
  
   
    | (128) | 
    Bennedbaek FN, Perrild H, Hegedus L. Diagnosis and treatment of the solitary 
      thyroid nodule: results of a European survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; 
      50: 357-63. | 
  
   
    | (129) | 
    Redding AH, Levine SN, Fowler MR. Normal preoperative 
      calcitonin levels do not always exclude medullary thyroid carcinoma in patients 
      with large palpable thyroid masses. Thyroid 2000; 10: 919-22. | 
  
   
    | (130) | 
    Gagel RF, Cote GJ. Pathogenesis of medullary thyroid carcinoma. In: Fagin 
      JA, ed. Thyroid cancer. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998: 85-103. | 
  
   
    | (131) | 
    Ponder BA, Ponder MA, Coffey R, et al. Risk estimation 
      and screening in families of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. 
      Lancet 1988; 1: 397-401. | 
  
   
    | (132) | 
    Niccoli-Sire P, Murat A, Rohmer V, et al. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma 
      with noncysteine ret mutations: phenotype-genotype relationship in a large 
      series of patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 3746-53. | 
  
   
    | (133) | 
    Hansford JR, Mulligan LM. Multiple endocrine neoplasia 
      type 2 and RET: from neoplasia to neurogenesis. J Med Genet 2000; 37: 817-27. | 
  
   
    | (134) | 
    Wohllk N, Cote GJ, Bugalho MMJ, et al. Relevence of RET protooncogene 
      mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 
      1996; 81: 3740-45. | 
  
   
    | (135) | 
    Freyer G, Ligneau B, Schlumberger M, et al. Quality 
      of life in patients at risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma and followed 
      by a comprehensive medical network: trends for future evaluations. Ann Oncol 
      2001; 12: 1461-65. | 
  
   
    | (136) | 
    Saad MF, Ordonez NG, Rashid RK, Guido JJ, Hill JCS, Hickey RC, Samaan 
      NA. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Medicine 1984; 63: 319-42. | 
  
   
    | (137) | 
    O'Riordain DS, OユBrien T, Weaver AL, Gharib H, Hay ID, 
      Grant CS, van Heerden JA. Medullary thyroid carcinoma in multiple endocrine 
      neoplasia types 2A and 2B. Surgery 1994; 116: 1017-23. | 
  
   
    | (138) | 
    Hyer SL, Vini L, AユHern R, Harmer C. Medullary thyroid cancer: multivariate 
      analysis of prognostic factors influencing survival. Eur J Surg Oncol 2000; 
      26: 686-90. | 
  
   
    | (139) | 
    Saad MF, Guido JJ, Samaan NA. Radioactive iodine in 
      the treatment of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 
      1983; 57: 124-28. | 
  
   
    | (140) | 
    Brierley J, Tsang R, Simpson WJ, Gospodarowicz M, Sutcliffe S, Panzarella 
      T. Medullary thyroid cancer: analyses of survival and prognostic factors 
      and the role of radiation therapy in local control. Thyroid 1996; 6: 305-10. | 
  
   
    | (141) | 
    Pacini F, Basolo F, Elisei R, Fugazzola L, Cola A, Pinchera 
      A. Medullary thyroid cancer. An immunohistochemical and humoral study using 
      six separate antigens. Am J Clin Pathol 1991; 95: 300-08. | 
  
   
    | (142) | 
    Fugazzola L, Pinchera A, Luchetti F, et al. Disappearance rate of serum 
      calcitonin after total thyroidectomy for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Int 
      J Biol Markers 1994; 9: 21-24. | 
  
   
    | (143) | 
    Orlandi F, Caraci P, Mussa A, Saggiorato E, Pancani 
      G, Angeli A. Treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma: an update. Endocr 
      Relat Cancer 2001; 8: 135-47. | 
  
   
    | (144) | 
    Abdelmoumene N, Schlumberger M, Gardet P, et al. Selective venous sampling 
      catheterisation for localisation of persisting medullary thyroid carcinoma. 
      Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 1141-44. | 
  
   
    | (145) | 
    van Heerden JA, Grant CS, Gharib H, Hay ID, Ilstrup 
      DM. Longterm course of patients with persistent hypercalcitoninemia after 
      apparent curative primary surgery for medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg 
      1990; 212: 395-401. | 
  
   
    | (146) | 
    Dottorini ME, Assi A, Sironi M, Sangalli G, Spreafico G, Colombo L. Multivariate 
      analysis of patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma: prognostic significance 
      and impact on treatment of clinical and pathologic variables. Cancer 1996; 
      77: 1556-65. | 
  
   
    | (147) | 
    Scopsi L, Sampietro G, Boracchi P, et al. Multivariate 
      analysis of prognostic factors in sporadic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: 
      a retrospective study of 109 consecutive patients. Cancer 1996; 78: 2173-83. | 
  
   
    | (148) | 
    Tisell LE, Hansson G, Jansson S, Salander H. Reoperation in the treatment 
      of asymptomatic metastasizing medullary thyroid carcinoma. Surgery 1986; 
      99: 60-66. | 
  
   
    | (149) | 
    Moley JF, Debenedetti MK, Dilley WG, Tisell LE, Wells 
      SA. Surgical management of patients with persistent or recurrent medullary 
      thyroid cancer. J Intern Med 1998; 243: 521-26. | 
  
   
    | (150) | 
    Fleming JB, Lee JE, Bouvet M, et al. Surgical strategy for the treatment 
      of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Ann Surg 1999; 230: 697-707. | 
  
   
    | (151) | 
    Wells SA Jr, Skinner MA. Prophylactic thyroidectomy, 
      based on direct genetic testing, in patients at risk for the multiple endocrine 
      neoplasia type 2 syndromes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1998; 106: 29-34. | 
  
   
    | (152) | 
    Chi DD, Moley JF. Medullary thyroid carcinoma: genetic advances, treatment 
      recommendations, and the approach to the patient with persistent hypercalcitoninemia. 
      Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1998; 7: 681-706. | 
  
   
    | (153) | 
    Evans DB, Fleming JB, Lee JE, Cote G, Gagel RF. The 
      surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Semin Surg Oncol 1999; 
      16: 50-63. | 
  
   
    | (154) | 
    Machens A, Gimm O, Hinze R, Hoppner W, Boehm BO, Dralle H. Genotype-phenotype 
      correlations in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma: oncological features 
      and biochemical properties. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1104-09. | 
  
   
    | (155) | 
    Pierie JP, Muzikansky A, Gaz RD, Faquin WC, Ott MJ. 
      The effect of surgery and radiotherapy on outcome of anaplastic thyroid 
      carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9: 57-64. | 
  
   
    | (156) | 
    Xu G, Pan J, Martin C, Yeung SC. Angiogenesis inhibition in the in vivo 
      antineoplastic effect of manumycin and paclitaxel against anaplastic thyroid 
      carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86: 1769-77. | 
  
   
    | (157) | 
    McIver B, Hay ID, Giuffrida DF, et al. Anaplastic thyroid 
      carcinoma: a 50-year experience at a single institution. Surgery 2001; 130: 
      1028-34. | 
  
   
    | (158) | 
    Haigh PI, Ituarte PHG, Wu HS, et al. Completely resected anaplastic thyroid 
      carcinoma combined with adjuvant chemotherapy and irradiation is associated 
      with prolonged survival. Cancer 2001; 91: 2335-42. | 
  
   
    | (159) | 
    Passler C, Scheuba C, Prager G, et al. Anaplastic (undifferentiated) 
      thyroid carcinoma (ATC). A retrospective analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 
      1999; 384: 284-93. | 
  
   
    | (160) | 
    Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR. A national cancer data base 
      report on 53 856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the US, 1985-1995. 
      Cancer 1998; 83: 2638-48. | 
  
   
    | (161) | 
    Moretti F, Farsetti A, Soddu S, et al. p53 re-expression 
      inhibits proliferation and restores differentiation of human thyroid anaplastic 
      carcinoma cells. Oncogene 1997; 14: 729-40. | 
  
   
    | (162) | 
    Sherman SI. Anaplastic carcinoma: clinical aspects. In: Wartofsky L, ed. 
      Thyroid cancer. a comprehensive guide to clinical management. Totowa, NJ: 
      Humana Press, 1999: 319-25. | 
  
   
    | (163) | 
    Takashima S, Morimoto S, Ikezoe J, et al. CT evaluation 
      of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154: 1079-85. | 
  
   
    | (164) | 
    Sugitani I, Kasai N, Fujimoto Y, Yanagisawa A. Prognostic factors and 
      therapeutic strategy for anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid. World J Surg 
      2001; 25: 617-22. | 
  
   
    | (165) | 
    Venkatesh YSS, Ordonez NG, Schultz PN, Hickey RC, Goepfert 
      H, Samaan NA. Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a clinicopathologic study 
      of 121 cases. Cancer 1990; 66: 321-30. | 
  
   
    | (166) | 
    Junor EJ, Paul J, Reed NS. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: 91 patients treated 
      by surgery and radiotherapy. Eur J Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 83-88. | 
  
   
    | (167) | 
    Kim JH, Leeper RD. Treatment of locally advanced thyroid 
      carcinoma with combination doxorubicin and radiation therapy. Cancer 1987; 
      60: 2372-75. | 
  
   
    | (168) | 
    Ain KB, Egorin MJ, DeSimone PA. Treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma 
      with paclitaxel: phase 2 trial using 96-hour infusion. Thyroid 2000; 10: 
      587-94. |