| (1) |
Thyroid Guidelines Committee. AACE clinical practice
guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism.
Endocr Pract. 1995; 1: 54-62. |
| (2) |
Larsen PR, Davies TF, Hay ID. The thyroid gland.
In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook
of Endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1998: 389-515. |
| (3) |
Franklyn JA. The management of hyperthyroidism
[erratum in N Engl J Med. 1994; 331: 559]. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 1731-1738. |
| (4) |
Braverman LE, Utiger RD. Introduction to thyrotoxicosis.
In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental
and Clinical Text. 6th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1991: 645-647. |
| (5) |
O' Donnell AL, Spaudling SW. Hyperthyroidism:
systemic effects and differential diagnosis. In: Falk SA, ed. Thyroid Disease:
Endocrinology, Surgery, Nuclear Medicine, and Radiotherapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997: 241-252. |
| (6) |
Cooper DS. Treatment of thyrotoxicosis. In: Braverman LE, Utiger
RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text.
6th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1991: 887-916. |
| (7) |
Farwell AP, Braverman LE. Thyroid and antithyroid
drugs. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, Ruddon RW, Gilman AG, eds.
Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 9th ed.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996: 1383-1409. |
| (8) |
Tallstedt L, Lundell G, Torring O, et al (Thyroid Study Group).
Occurrence of ophthalmopathy after treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism.
N Engl J Med. 1992; 326: 1733- 1738. |
| (9) |
Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, et al. Relation
between therapy for hyperthyroidism and the course of Graves' ophthalmopathy.
N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 73-78. |
| (10) |
Gorman CA. Therapeutic controversies: radioiodine therapy does
not aggravate Graves' ophthalmopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995; 80:
340-342. |
| (11) |
Gorman CA, Offord KP. Therapy for hyperthyroidism
and Graves' ophthalmopathy [letter]. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338: 1546-1547. |
| (12) |
Bartalena L, Marcocci C, Bogazzi F, Panicucci M,
Lepri A, Pinchera A. Use of corticosteroids to prevent progression of
Graves' ophthalmopathy after radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism. N
Engl J Med. 1989; 321: 1349-1352. |
| (13) |
Bogazzi F, Bartalena L, Martino E. Color flow
Doppler sonography of the thyroid. In: Baskin HJ, ed. Thyroid Ultrasound
and Ultrasound-Guided FNA Biopsy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000:
227-229. |
| (14) |
Wiersinga WM. Subclinical hypothyroidism and
hyperthyroidism. I. Prevalence and clinical relevance. Neth J Med. 1995;
46: 197-204. |
| (15) |
Subclinical hyperthyroidism: position statement from
the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Endocr Pract. 1999;
5: 220-221. |
| (16) |
Cooper DS. Clinical practice: subclinical hypothyroidism. N Engl
J Med. 2001; 345: 260-265. |
| (17) |
Toft AD. Clinical practice: subclinical hyperthyroidism.
N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 512-516. |
| (18) |
Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. The spectrum of thyroid
disease in a community: the Whickham survey. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1977;
7: 481-493. |
| (19) |
McDermott MT, Ridgway EC. Subclinical hypothyroidism
is mild thyroid failure and should be treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2001; 86: 4585-4590. |
| (20) |
Danese MD, Ladenson PW, Meinert CL, Powe NR. Clinical review 115:
effect of thyroxine therapy on serum lipoproteins in patients with mild
thyroid failure; a quantitative review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 2000; 85: 2993-3001. |
| (21) |
Chu JW, Crapo LM. The treatment of subclinical
hypothyroidism is seldom necessary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 86: 4591-4599. |
| (22) |
Helfand M, Redfern CC. Clinical guideline, part 2: screening for
thyroid disease; an update. American College of Physicians [erratum in Ann
Intern Med. 1999; 130: 246]. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 144-158. |
| (23) |
Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, et al. Low serum
thyrotropin concentration as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older
patients. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331: 1249-1252. |
| (24) |
Biondi B, Fazio S, Cuocolo A, et al. Impaired cardiac reserve and
exercise capacity in patients receiving longterm thyrotropin suppressive
therapy with levothyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81: 4224-4228. |
| (25) |
Biondi B, Palmieri EA, Fazio S, et al. Endogenous
subclinical hyperthyroidism affects quality of life and cardiac morphology
and function in young and middle-aged patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
2000; 85: 4701-4705. |
| (26) |
Faber J, Jensen IW, Petersen L, Nygaard B, Hegedus L, Siersbaek-Nielsen
K. Normalization of serum thyrotrophin by means of radioiodine treatment
in subclinical hyperthyroidism: effect on bone loss in postmenopausal women.
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998; 48: 285-290. |
| (27) |
Gharib H, Mazzaferri EL. Thyroxine suppressive
therapy in patients with nodular thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med. 1998;
128: 386-394. |
| (28) |
Utiger RD. Hypothyroidism. In: DeGroot LJ, ed. Endocrinology. Vol
1. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1989: 702-721. |
| (29) |
Becker DV, Bigos ST, Gaitan E, et al. Optimal
use of blood tests for assessment of thyroid function. Thyroid. 1993; 3:
353-354. |
| (30) |
Mandel SJ, Brent GA, Larsen PR. Levothyroxine therapy in patients
with thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 119: 492-502. |
| (31) |
Surks MI. Treatment of hypothyroidism. In: Braverman
LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical
Text. 6th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1991: 1099-1103. |
| (32) |
Griffin JE. Hypothyroidism in the elderly. Am J Med Sci. 1990;
299: 334-345. |
| (33) |
Roti E, Braverman LE. Thyroid hormone therapy:
when to use it, when to avoid it. Drug Therapy. 1994; 24: 28-35. |
| (34) |
Hays MT, Nielsen KR. Human thyroxine absorption: age effects and
methodological analyses. Thyroid. 1994; 4: 55-64. |
| (35) |
McEvoy GK. AHFS Drug Information 94. Bethesda,
MD: American Hospital Formulary Service, 1994: 2101. |
| (36) |
Bunevicius R, Kazanavicius G, Zalinkevicius R, Prange AJ Jr. Effects
of thyroxine as compared with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in patients
with hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 424-429. |
| (37) |
Bunevicius R, Prange AJ. Mental improvement after
replacement therapy with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine: relationship to
cause of hypothyroidism. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000; 3: 167-174. |
| (38) |
Kaplan MM, Meier DA. Thyroid diseases in pregnancy. In: Gleicher
N, ed. Principles and Practice of Medical Therapy in Pregnancy. 3rd ed.
Stanford: Appleton and Lange, 1998: 432-448. |
| (39) |
Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal
thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development
of the child. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 549-555. |
| (40) |
Allan WC, Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency
and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening. J Med
Screen. 2000; 7: 127-130. |
| (41) |
Kaplan MM. Monitoring thyroxine treatment during
pregnancy. Thyroid. 1992; 2: 147-152. |
| (42) |
Mandel SJ, Larsen PR, Seely EW, Brent GA. Increased need for thyroxine
during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 1990;
323: 91-96. |
| (43) |
Tamaki H, Amino N, Takeoka K, Mitsuda N, Miyai K,
Tanizawa O. Thyroxine requirement during pregnancy for replacement therapy
of hypothyroidism. Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 76: 230-233. |
| (44) |
Stagnaro-Green A. Postpartum thyroiditis: prevalence, etiology,
and clinical implications. Thyroid Today. 1993; 16: 1-11. |
| (45) |
Alvarez-Marfany M, Roman SH, Drexler AJ, Robertson
C, Stagnaro-Green A. Long-term prospective study of postpartum thyroid
dysfunction in women with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 1994; 79: 10-16. |
| (46) |
Longecope C. The male and female reproductive systems in hypothyroidism.
In: Braverman LE, Utiger RD, eds. Werner and Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental
and Clinical Text. 6th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1991: 1052-1063. |